Genetic modification and the environment
Scientific certainties and uncertainties
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are a contentious issue. Many people point to the benefits GMOs could offer medicine, agriculture, and pest control. Others see GMOs as threats to the environment and to human health.
GM technology offers:
- pest and disease resistant crops which should lead to reductions in insecticide use
- weedkiller resistant crops that make weed control easier
- rice with added vitamin A
- potatoes with more protein
- drought resistant crops
- plants that can produce novel products such as plastics
- new treatments for genetic disorders
- bacteria that can clean up soil contamination
Set against these benefits are potential risks. Will genes from modified crops escape into wild plants, protecting them from their natural pests, or from weedkillers? Will GM crops disturb natural ecosystems, harm wildlife, or pollinate organic crops, invalidating their organic status?
In this briefing note, we examine what we know about genetic modification of crops, and also the uncertainties that could present risks to the environment.